Effect of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticle Concentration on the Thermal Conductivity and Stability of Water-Ethylene Glycol Nanofluids

Authors

  • Aishath Hamna Hassan Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 1 Jalan UCSI, UCSI Heights (Taman Connaught), Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Author
  • Nur Asyiqin Azman Center of Defense Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sg. Besi Camp, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Author
  • Nor Ain Azeany Mohd Nasir Center of Defense Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sg. Besi Camp, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Author
  • Mohd Nurazzi Norizan Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia Author
  • Nor Laili-Azua Jamari Center of Defense Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sg. Besi Camp, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Author
  • Noor Aisyah Ahmad Syah Center of Defense Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sg. Besi Camp, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Author
  • Siti Aminah Mohd Noor Center of Defense Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sg. Besi Camp, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Author
  • Norli Abdullah Center of Defense Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sg. Besi Camp, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Author
  • Yuvaneswari Chandramoulee Swaran Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 1 Jalan UCSI, UCSI Heights (Taman Connaught), Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.66514/ssst34-2-98-116

Abstract

Nanofluids have attracted considerable attention for their potential use as advanced heat transfer media in various cooling applications. This study investigates the effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle concentration on the thermal conductivity and stability of nanofluids. Five concentrations of TiO2 nanofluids were prepared using water-ethylene glycol (60:40) as a base fluid and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the surfactant. The TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized by ATR-FTIR, FESEM and EDX. Thermal conductivity measurements were carried out at room temperature (28 oC) and elevated temperature (e.g. 40 °C and 60 °C). The stability of the nanofluids was evaluated through visual inspection, UV-Vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering analysis. The TiO2 nanoparticles displayed spherical shape and tend to form clusters with an average particle diameter of approximately 30 nm. The 0.5 wt.% nanofluid achieved the greatest thermal conductivity value of 0.748 W/m·K resulting in 49.89% thermal conductivity enhancement at 60 °C. Freshly prepared nanofluids exhibited good dispersion stability and reduced when left undisturbed for extended period. Further improvements in long term stability are required for industrial applications.

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Published

14-10-2026

Issue

Vol. 34 No. 2 (2026): Solid State Science and Technology

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Articles

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Copyright (c) 2026 Aishath Hamna Hassan, Nur Asyiqin Azman, Nor Ain Azeany Mohd Nasir, Mohd Nurazzi Norizan, Nor Laili-Azua Jamari, Noor Aisyah Ahmad Syah, Siti Aminah Mohd Noor, Norli Abdullah, Yuvaneswari Chandramoulee Swaran (Author)

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